![]() ![]() The Agency is also working on the development of a systemic assessment guide. Assessing vector control strategiesĪNSES also evaluates vector control (VC) strategies, their effectiveness and impacts, and recommends prevention and control measures adapted to the context.Īs part of the marketing authorisation (MA) procedures for products containing biocides used in VC (adulticides, larvicides, etc.), ANSES assesses their efficacy and the risks associated with their use, as well as the vectors' resistance to the insecticides or acaricides. This means that in our health risk assessments, we may be required to make projections and develop scenarios based on different factors (environmental, etc.) in order to assess the probability of introduction and spread of certain vectors, as well as the risks of emergence of vector-borne diseases. With climate change and increased global trade and transport, the range of vectors is changing rapidly. Temperature is also an important factor in determining the geographical range of arthropod vectors. For example, water plays a key role in the lifecycle of mosquitoes, which have an aquatic life stage. ![]() It is also important to study the ecosystems in which the vectors live and the conditions under which they develop. Understanding the ecosystems where the vectors live and assessing the risks associated with the vectors Vectorial capacity expresses the degree of co-adaptation of the "vector-infectious agent" pair in a given ecosystem. ![]() The vector has to be abundant, have sufficient longevity, and maintain close contact with reservoir hosts and receptive vertebrates. However, transmission of the infectious agent is only possible if this competence is accompanied by favourable ecological conditions. Vector competence, which refers to an arthropod's intrinsic ability to transmit a pathogen, results from genetic and biological factors that allow the pathogen to multiply in the vector and then be transmitted to a host. To assess the risks of transmission of pathogens responsible for vector-borne diseases, the vector-pathogen pair must first be studied. Studying the "vector-pathogen" pairĪNSES's expertise is primarily based on better understanding vectors, how they function, spread and transmit pathogens. Among other things, this involves scientific monitoring. It aims to support the public authorities to better prevent and control risks associated with vector-borne pathogens. This was previously the responsibility of the National Centre of Expertise on Vectors. Johanna Fite, Project Officer for Vectors, provides some explanations.ĪNSES has been providing scientific expertise on vectors and their control since 2018. ![]() The bacterium responsible for Huanglongbing disease, which threatens citrus crops in southern Europe, is also transmitted by vectors. Another example is the pinewood nematode, a worm carried by beetles. It can infect more than 300 different species of plants and is lethal. Originally from America, it has spread to Europe and is transmitted by several species of insects. Vector-borne plant pathogens include the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. With plants, the vectors are phloem-feeding insects such as leafhoppers or aphids, or woodborers. In this case, they are known as zoonoses (Lyme borreliosis, West Nile virus infection, etc.). They can also be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa. Vector-borne diseases can be strictly human (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, etc.) or strictly animal (African swine fever, bluetongue, etc.). They include some mosquitoes, ticks, Culicoides, sandflies, fleas and horseflies. Vectors of human and animal pathogens are haematophagous, i.e. It acquires this pathogen by feeding on an infected host, and then transmits it to other individuals.Īccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of infectious diseases worldwide and cause more than one million deaths each year. A vector is an arthropod – a member of a group including insects and arachnids – that transmits a pathogen (a virus, bacterium or parasite). ![]()
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